The devices being x-rayed can be moved around inside the x-ray enclosure.  This is achieved by 
                
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                clamping the sample in a robotic manipulator.  The manipulator basically moves the sample left, 
                
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                right, front, back, up and down.  Most manipulator systems also include a tilt and rotate feature 
                
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                that is exceptionally helpful in diagnosing BGA type problems.  The motion of the robotic unit is 
                
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                controlled via two large joystics mounted on the right side of the system cabinet.  Magnification of 
                
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                the sample is achieved by moving the device closer to the x-ray tubehead.  Some systems also 
                
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                allow the detection device (image intensifier) to be moved farther away from the tube which also 
                
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                increases magnification. 
                
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                These types of X-Ray systems are capable of a spatial resolution down to approximately 3um 
                
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                (microns).  Such high resolution capabilities enable electronic semiconductor manufacturers to 
                
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                be able to diagnose failures that occur inside micro electronic devices.  Detecting failures in a 
                
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                device that has been classified as defective is called "Failure Analysis".  X-Ray is an extremely 
                
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                valuable failure analysis tool because it is non-destructive to the sample.  Other forms of failure 
                
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                analysis consist of actually cutting into the devices or acid etching away encapsulation materials 
                
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                to reveal the source of the failure. 
                
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                Working in this field is extremely rewarding because in my opinion X-Ray is unique.  These 
                
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                systems are complicated and in order to be effective in their repair one must have an extensive 
                
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                background in this field.  I have been working on Microfocus X-Ray systems now for over 7 years 
                
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                and I am looking forward to continuing my work in this exciting field. 
                
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